Abstract
Soil samples collected in 2006 from 4 different sites (Puchalski Hill and a moraine below this hill, an elephant seal colony and a penguin rookery) in the vicinity of Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station at King George Island were characterized in terms of physicochemical properties (pH, humidity, concentration of selected inorganic and organic substances), microbial colonization and the overall activity of selected enzymes (differentglycosidases and esterases). Activity of the latter enzymes was assayed by p-nitrophenyl and 4-methylumbelliferone derivatives of fatty acids (by spectrophotometric and fluorimetric method, respectively). The highest lipolytic activity was found in soils from the elephant seal colony and penguin rookery.
References
Rakusa-Suszczewski S. Environmental conditions and the functioning of Admiralty bay (South Shetland Islands) as a part of near shore Antarctic ecosystem. Pol Polar Res 1980, 1:11-27.
Streit W, Daniel R, Jaeger K. Prospecting for biocatalysts and drugs in the genomes of non-cultured microorganisms. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2004, 415:285-290.
Ferrer M, Martinez-Abarca F, Golyshin P. Mining genomes and “metagenomes” for novel catalysts. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2005, 16:588-593.
Cieśliński H, Białkowska A, Tkaczuk K, Długołęcka A, Kur J, Turkiewicz M. Identification and molecular modeling of a novel lipase from an Antarctic soil metagenomic library. Pol J Microbiol 2009, 58:199-204.
Turkiewicz M, Gromek E, Kalinowska H, Zielińska M. Biosynthesis and properties of an extracellular metalloprotease from the Antarctic bacterium, Sphingomonas paucimobilis. J Biotechnol 1999, 70:53-60.
Cieśliński H, Białkowska A, Długołęcka A, Daroch M, Tkaczuk K, Kalinowska H, Kur J, Turkiewicz M. A cold-adapted esterase from psychrophilic Pseudoalteromonas sp. strain 643A. Arch Microbiol 2007, 188:27-36.
Makowski K, Białkowska A, Olczak J, Kur J, Turkiewicz M. Antarctic, coldadapted β-galactosidase Pseudoalteromonas sp. 22b as effective tool for alkyl galactopyranosides synthesis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2008, 44:59-64.
Turkiewicz M, Gromek E. Enzymes of psychrophilic microorganisms and their biotechnological importance. Biotechnologia 2000, 1:171-188.
Reetz MT. Lipase as practical biocatalysts. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2002, 6:145-150.
Virsu P, Liljeblad A, Kanerva A, Kanerva LT. Preparation of enantiomers of 1-phenylethan-1,2-diol. Regio- and enantioselectivity of acylase I and Candida antarctica lipases A i B. Tetrahedron:Asymmetry 2001, 12:2447-2455.
Zdanowski MK. Matter conversion in the course of krill (Euphausia superba Dana) decomposition in the Antarctic ecosystem. Part 1. Pol Arch Hydrobiol 1988, 35:65-96.
Acosta-Martinez V, Zobeck TM, Allen V. Soil microbial, chemical and physical properties in continuous cotton and integrated crop-livestock systems. Soil Sci Soc Am J 2004, 68:1875-1884.
Tiurin M. A new modification of the volumetric method of determining soil organic matter by means of chromic acid. Pochvovedenie1931, 26:36-47 (in Russian).
Jones JB. Kjeldahl method for nitrogen determination. Micro – Macro Publishing, Athens, 1991.
Rouser G, Fleischer S, Yamamoto A. Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic separation of polar lipids and determination of phospholipids by phosphorus analysis of spot. Lipids 1970, 5:494-496.
Marx MC, Wood M, Jarvis SC. A microplate fluorometric assay for the study of enzyme diversity in soils. Soil Biol Biochem 2001, 33: 633-1640.
Zdanowski MK, Węgleński P. Ecophysiology of soil bacteria in the vicinity of Henryk Arctowski Station, King George Island Antarctica. Soil Biol Biochem 2001, 33:819-829.
Heatwole H, Saenger P, Spain A, Kerry E, Donelan J. Biotic and chemical characteristics of some soils from Wilkes Land, Antarctica. Antartct. Sci. 1989, 1:225-234.
Negoita TG, Stefanic G, Irimescu-Orzan ME, Oprea G, Palanciuc V. Chemical and biological characterization of soils from the Antarctic east coast. Polar Biol 2001, 24:565-571.
Beyer L, Pingpank K, Wriedt G, Bőlter M. Soil formation in coastal continental Antarctica (Wilkes Land). Geoderma 2000, 95:283-304.
Aislabie JM, Chhour KL, Saul DJ, Miyauchi S, Ayton J, Paetzold RF, Balks MR. Dominant bacteria in soils of Marble Point and Wright Valley, Victoria Land, Antarctica. SoilBiol. Biochem. 2006, 38:3041-3056.
Beyer L, Bölter M. Chemical and biological properties, formation, occurrence and classification of Spodic Cryosols in a terrestrial ecosystem of East Antarctica (Wilkes Land). Catena 2000, 39:95-119.
Barrett JE, Virginia RA, Hopkins DW, Aislabie J, Bargagli R, Bockheim JG, Bölter M, Blume HP, Schneider D, Beyer L. Soil properties and distributions of
invertebrates and bacteria from King George Island (Arctowski Station), maritime Antarctic. Polar Biol 1997, 18:295-304.
Orchard VA, Corderoy DM. Influence of environmental factors on the decomposition of penguin guano in Antarctica. Polar Biol 1983, 1:199-204.
Zdanowski MK, Żmuda MJ, Zwolska I. Bacterial role in the decomposition of marine-derived material (penguin guano) in the terrestrial maritime Antarctic. Soil Biol Biochem 2005, 37:581-595.
Zdanowski MK, Żmuda MJ, Zwolska I. Bacterial role in the decomposition of marine-derived material (penguin guano) in the terrestrial maritime Antarctic. Soil Biol Biochem 2005, 37:581-595.
Meyer GH, Morrow MB, Wyss O. Bacteria, fungi, and other biota in the vicinity of Mirmy Observatory. Antarct. J. U.S. 1967, 2:248-251.
Fenice M, Selbmann L, Zucconi L, Onofri S. Production of extracellular enzymes by Antarctic fungal strains. Polar Biol 1997, 17:275-280.
Connell L, Redman R, Craig S, Rodriguez R. Distribution and abundance of fungi in the soils of Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Soil Biol Biochem 2006, 38:3083-3094.
Lorenz P, Schleper C. Metagenome – a challenging source of enzyme discovery. J Mol Catal B Enzym 2002, 19-20:13-19.
Cowan DA, Tow LA. Endangered Antarctic environments. Annu Rev Microbiol 2004,58:649-690.
Cameron RE, King J, David CN. Microbiology, ecology and microclimatology of soil sites in dry valleys of Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. In: Holdgate H.W. (ed) Antarctic Ecology,Academic Press, London, 1970, 2:702-716.
Tatur A, Myrcha A. Ornithogenic soils on King George Island, South Shetland Islands (Maritime Antarctic Zone). Pol Polar Res 1984, 5:31-60.
Turner BT, Hopikins DW, Ostle N, Haygarth PM. -Glucosidase activity in pasture soils. Appl Soil Ecol 2002, 20:157-163.
Luo Y, Zheng Y, Jiang Z. A novel psychrophilic lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens with unique property in chiral resolution and biodiesel production via transestrification. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006, 73:349-355.
Xin MX, Zhou PJ. Mrakia psychrophila sp. nov., a new species isolated from Antarctic soil. J Zhejiang Univ Sci 2007, 8:260-265.
Engelen A, Convey P, Hodgson DA, Worland MR, Ott S Soil properties of an Antarctic inland site: implications for ecosystem development. Polar Biol 2008, 31:1453-1460.
Hopkin DW, Sparrow AD, Shillam LL, English LC, Dennis PG, Novis P, Elberling B, Gregorich EG, Greenfield LG. Enzymatic activities and microbial communities in an Antarctic dry valley soil: Responses to C and N supplementation. 2008, 40:2130-2136.